The Theory developed by Roland Barthes is the study of the social production of meaning from sign systems; the analysis of anything that can stand for something else.
Semiology concerned with anything that can stand for something else. It is the study of signs or significantion. A sign is the combination of its signified and signifier. . A Sign Does Not Stand on Its Own It Is Part of a System.

In semiotics, a sign is anything that stands in for something other than itself. This lesson focuses primarily on linguistic signs.This theory is frequently used in advertising to signify the message include traffic signs, emojis, and emoticons used in electronic communication, and logos and brands used by international corporations to sell us things “brand loyalty,” they call it.

Thus, Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols, in particular as they communicate things spoken and unspoken. Common signs that are understood globally include traffic signs, emojis, and corporate logos.

A theory developed by Marshall McLuhan, analyzes the impact of media through the society and communication technology on human culture. Looks into how media communication affects our understanding, perception, feeling, and value.
It gives us insights on how we should act, what we see, how we should feel, etc.

McLuhan’s theory of media ecology is best captured in his famous aphorism: “ The medium is the message. ” The message separate from the medium itself. The medium delivers the message, he collapsed the distinction between the message and the medium.

Example is TV alters our symbolic environment. It doesn’t matter what the shows is about that is on TV. What matters is that TV itself is a shared media experience that everyone can be part of . Therefore it becomes a part of our environment and culture. we should not let technology overtake us and turn us into devices. It begs the question of who is controlling what.

This theory developed by Walter Fisher, which the concept of this theory is about narration or the story telling which is the effective method to communicate. You can persuade, or persuasion takes place when peoples past experiences influence our need for communication and also base our behaviour.

Thus narrative paradigm is very helpful in analysing the nature of human communication. This narrative paradigm cam interpret whether verbal or non-verbal communication that can interprets arranged logically to generate a meaning. This communication process is influenced by the experiences and other factors from the past. The concept upholds the idea that communication happens between a narrator and the listener in the form of a story.

Example is people listen on the story of which is narrated from the past which they tend to listen on the stories narrated long ago because it is part of our culture back then, and do not tend to listen on the previous research which is lately narrated. And the credibility and reality of the storiea told before and people believes that it is true.

Dramatism is a theoretical position seeking to understand the actions of human life as a drama by Kenneth Burke. Dramatism provides researchers with the flexibility to scrutinize an object of study from variety of angles.

Thus, dramatism is a technique of analysis and language and thought basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information. The task is to assess the writer and speaker’s motive and describe as what he saw going on when people open their mouths to communicate. Burke’s illustration about the importance of taking language seriously by using the pentad is deceptively similar to the standard journalistic practice of answering who, what, where, when, why, and how in the opening
paragraph of a story.

The act, scene, agent, agency and purpose can be seen as offering a static photograph of a single scene in the human drama. The guilt redemption cycle, the third perspective, would be the plot of the whole play.

This theory was to know how this element of persuasion works and how it can be effectively utilized. It is developed from the thought how the language works for people. Rhetoric is often considered as an art, which studies how the things that we said or wrote made changes in the person who reads or hears it.

Thus it studies the effectiveness of language. The rhetoric was an important aspect in ancient western education, especially for the effective oratorical persuasion in fields of politics law. This theory is developed by Aristotle which three elements are needed for an effective communication are speaker, speech, and the listener. Also, there are five canons, Inventio (Invention),Dispositio (Arrangement),Elocutio (Style),Memoria (Memory),Actio (Delivery).

Example of this is when, you ask your mother to buy you something, like you’re persuading her to buy and see what is her reaction if she will buy you by your tone of persuasion. Rhetoric cannot be meaningful without understanding the classical rhetorical theory and to know about classical rhetorical theory we need to know about rhetoric.

This theory designed to explore ways to insure the organizations’ health while increasing the representation of diverse human interests. He does this first by showing that corporations have become political as well as economic institutions. It was developed by Stanley Deetz, which defines that organizations are locations of domination, with power and control as central. It is based on the idea that power is not equally distributed.

Example, companies today are very strict in terms on how to manage it. They needed a skillful manager to be able to sustain what really the company needs. How the company is perceived, makes a huge difference in how society interprets them. This theory will help us understand consent practices in the workplace. Corporations tend to make critical decisions for the public, regardless of if they know or not.

Organizational culture is not just another piece of the puzzle it is the puzzle. From our point of view, culture is not something an organization has; a culture is something an organization is.

Culture as systems of shared meaning is somewhat
vague and diffi cult to grasp. Unlike popular usage, which equates culture with concerts and art museums, he refuses to use the word to signify less primitive. Culture is not whole or undivided. Communication takes a humanistic look at an organization by considering artifacts, values, and assumptions that occur because of the interactions of organizational members. Artifacts are the norms, standards, and customs you see in organizational communication. In this lesson, we evaluate its strengths and challenges.

The concept of this theory, is to talk about the stories and rituals. Example is in a office workplace, like you are working for 2 consecutive part in the office, even though you both work for the same job the cultures and rituals also, the way they tell stories are both different. Where in when someone’s came when talking with co-workers it makes to him/her uncomfortable.

Two or more private symbol worlds incline toward each other, come more closely together, or even overlap; group consciousness,cohesiveness.

This theory, is to fantasize and dramatize the message or the creative interpretation. Sharing group fantasies creates symbolic convergence. Which is dramatizing messages and believes that conversations about things outside of what’s going on right now can often serve the group well. antasizing for dramatizing messages that are enthusiastically embraced by the whole group. Most dramatizing messages don’t get that kind of reaction. They often fall on deaf ears,
or group members listen but take a human attitude toward what was said. Of course, an embarrassing silence or a quick change of subject makes it obvious that the dramatizing message has fallen flat.

Like smoking cigarettes , you know that it is bad you still using or smoking. Bormann and symbolic convergence theory advocates have found that many fantasy themes are indexed by a symbolic cue . A symbolic cue is “an agreed-upon
trigger that sets off the group members to respond as they did when they first shared the fantasy. Also, in teasing your siblings to your family, you know that you’re hurting her verbally or emotionally,you still keep doing it because of the shared fantasies or the fun and jokes of it. It could be a code word, nonverbal gesture, phrase, slogan, inside joke, bumper sticker, or any shorthand way of re-establishing the full force.

Functional perspective, a prescriptive approach that describes and predicts task-group performance when four
communication functions are fulfilled.

This theory, focuses on group communication and how group interactions effects on the views and processes as a medium to be such an instrument in which making decisions as well. In group decision making has the term functional perspective means to become practically in capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance as used to have a positive effect also on making final decisions.

Example, the goal setting is the one of the requisite functions of this theory. Thus, in television especially news on TV has the goal to give the audience the quality of news they want to hear about. Since the TV works as a group there is always decision making happen when to identify, making the news to be aired. The instrument used to spread out the newa to the public is the television.

When we say cognitive dissonance theory it refers to a situation in which, it involves attitudes, belief and behavior. So this theory is producing mental discomfort to a situation. The discomfort which leads to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort of a thing.

Example, we all know that people are very addictive in such doing even if it’s bad. Like smoking or using drugs, they know that it is very bad for themselves but continue doing it. And that bad effect to his/her health there is the possibility to reduce it’s bad behavior by not doing it again because of convincing behavior on his/her mind.